Lebanese nurses adapting to challenges : a systematic review through the lens of the transactional theory of stress and coping

Abstract

This paper explores the stress experienced, and the coping strategies utilized by nurses in Lebanon, based on the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping proposed by Lazarus and Folkman. Lebanese nurses face singular occupation-related stressors born of systemic challenges, socio-political instability, economic crises, and cultural expectations, all further exacerbated by specific events such as the pandemic caused by war, COVID-19 and the explosion in Beirut in the year 2020. The current study, which draws on a systematic literature review that adheres to PRISMA guidelines, synthesizes evidence about the main stressors and related coping mechanisms, highlighting the crucial interplay between individual resilience and organizational support. Our results point toward the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies, such as training in resilience and workload, as well as emotion-focused mechanisms, including social and emotional support. It shows that Lebanese cultural norms and socio economic factors feature prominently in coping strategies and, as such, do demand context specific intervention. Finally, it calls for organizational policy enhancement, the resolution of systemic issues, and the inclusion of tailored stress management programs that will ensure the well-being and sustainability of nurses within Lebanon's healthcare system.